Q. SEC filings definitions and other information?

The most referenced forms are:

• S-1 – Registration statement for a company issuing shares
• 10-K – Annual report
• 10-Q – Quarterly report
• 8-K – Current report – important information that needed to be released to the public
• 424 – Final prospectus for an offering

https://www.sec.gov/forms - for the list of all forms. 

https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch.html - to search for specific companies.